Akhanda-Guru-Tattva
by Sripad Swami B. G. Narasingha
The meaning of the words, "Guru is one" are derived from the sanskrit words, 'akhanda-guru-tattva'. This means the undivided (akhanda) principle of the guru-tattva. This akhanda (undivided) guru-tattva manifests in three aspects, namely: caitya-guru, diksa-guru, and siksa-guru respectively. Caitya-guru is the Supersoul within the heart of the living entity. Diksa-guru and siksa-guru are the two kinds of gurus appearing externally as pure devotees of the Supreme Lord. The diksa and siksa-gurus are considered equal manifestations of Krishna because they manifest to take the disciple back to Godhead. The individuality of the diksa and siksa-gurus exists as Vaishnavas but in purpose they are one – they are equal manifestations of Krishna and therefore they are said to be 'one'.
The position of the bona fide guru in Krishna consciousness is realized by a bona fide disciple in stages according to the disciples subjective achievement. First the disciple may realize the guru to be the representative of Krishna. The next higher stage is that the disciple realizes that the guru is a manifestation of Baladeva Prabhu or Sri Nityananda Prabhu. Baladeva-tattva is the energy of the Supreme Lord that manifest the pastimes or lilas of the Lord. Baladeva Prabhu manifests directly as Sri Nityananda Prabhu to canvases the conditioned living entities to become engaged in the Lords transcendental service. Canvassing on behalf of the Supreme Lord is the work of Sri Gurudeva and therefore he is recognized as the manifestation of Baladeva Prabhu or Sri Nityananda Prabhu.
Baladeva Prabhu or Sri Nityananda Prabhu are the ultimate guru principle (guru-tattva) for all devotees in dasya, sakya, and vatsalya-rasa in either Krishna-lila and Gaura-lila respectively. According to the disciples advancement in rasa-tattva the disciple will realize that Sri Gurudeva is a leader of a particular group of eternal servitors of the Supreme Lord.
The next higher realization of the disciple is that the guru is the leader among the madhurya-rasa section as one of the maid servants (either sakhi or manjari) of Srimati Radharani. Srimati Radharani is the highest figure in the madhurya-rasa section for it is She only who knows how to satisfy the transcendental senses of Sri Krishna. When this understanding develops in the heart of a bone fide disciple he soon realizes that Srimati Radharani Herself has directly taken the position of Sri Gurudeva. The highest concept of guru-tattva revealed by Srila Rupa Goswami and similar eternal servants of Sri Caitanya Mahaprabhu was that Srimati Radharani is the ultimate guru. Radharani is the master of loving exchanges – even Sri Krishna is Her beloved student in such matters. Therefore in the last stage of realization in Krishna consciousness the disciple realizes Sri Gurudeva to be a direct manifestation of Srimati Radharani.
That Sri Gurudeva is the manifestation of Srimati Radharani is the purport of Viswanatha Cakravarti Thakura's verse:
saksad-dharitvena samasta-sastrair
"The spiritual master is the dearmost servant of Sri Hari being the nondifferent form of the Supreme Lord." (Sri Sri Gurvastakam # 7)
The dearmost servant of Krishna (Sri Hari) is indeed Srimati Radharani and the nondifferent form of the Supreme Lord is also Srimati Radharani. Radha and Krishna are the One Absolute Truth manifest in two for the purpose of enjoying transcendental pastimes.
radha-krsna pranaya-vikrtir hladini saktir asmad
ekatmanau api bhuvipura deha-bhedam gatau tau
caitanyakhyam prakatam adhuna tad-dvayam caikyam aptam
radha-bhava-dyuti-suvalitam naumi krsna-svarupam"The loving affairs of Radha Krishna are transcendental manifestations of the Lord's internal pleasure-giving potency. Although Radha and Krishna are one in Their identity, They have separated Themselves eternally. Now these two transcendental identities have again united in the form of Sri Krishna Caitanya. I bow down to Him, who has manifested Himself with the sentiment and complexion of Srimati Radharani although He is Krishna Himself." (C.c. Adi 1.1.5)
Following the above thought Sri Gurudeva may also be realized as gaura-tattva or nondifferent from Sri Caitanya Mahaprabhu. In this case the disciple ultimately realizes that Sri Gurudeva is a direct manifestation of Sri Gadadhara Pandit who is the bhava or the manifest emotions of Srimati Radharani.
dvijendra-vrnda-vandya-pada-yugma-bhakti-vardhakam
nijesu radhikatmata-vapuh-prakacanagraham
asesa-bhakti-sastra-siksayojjvalamrta-prabam
bhajamy aham gadadharam supanditam gurum prabhum"I worship the greatly learned spiritual master, Srila Gadadhara Prabhu, who expands the mellows of devotional service and whose lotus feet are worshipped by the kings of the Brahmans. Among his confidential associates, he reveals his actual form as Srimati Radharani. He distributes the nectar of the ecstatic mellow of the gopis conjugal love, strictly following the instructions of all the devotional scriptures." (Sri Sri Gadadhara Astakam #6)
The above mentioned points of guru-tattva are all relative realizations of the position of the guru according to the disciples advancement in Krishna consciousness. This is the Gaudiya-siddhanta of the guru-tattva as revealed by previous acharyas in our parampara.
The position of the guru is relative according to the disciples realization but in all cases the guru means 'Krishna'. The position of guru in terms of the internal service position of the disciple becomes more and more specific as the disciple makes advancement in Krishna consciousness but the same akhanda-guru-tattva (undivided principle) remains throughout. Guru is one.
Everything in the Absolute World is also Absolute. Every particle of the Infinite is also Infinite but to taste the spiritual variegatedness in the Absolute World it is necessary to develop transcendental discrimination.
Srila Prabhupada used to say, "Guru means to repeat the words of Krishna without adding one's own interpretation and therefore guru cannot be two."
Krishna says: acaryam mam vijaniyan
"One should know the acarya (guru) as Myself." (Bhag. 11.17.27)
This verse although generally taken literally to mean that the guru is nondifferent from Krishna also indicates that the guru is nondifferent than Srimati Radharani. Indeed the very 'Self' of Sri Krishna is Srimati Radharani.
Although the guru is in most cases a jiva (jiva-tattva) he is not to be considered as such. His position is two-fold. As a Vaishnava he is considered a jiva but the disciple is not so much concerned with that position. The disciple is mainly concerned with the delegation of Krishna manifest in Gurudeva and that is the guru-tattva. So the guru's position is two fold – he is jiva-tattva and he is guru-tattva. We do not say that Gurudeva is 'jiva-tattva', rather we say that Gurudeva is 'guru-tattva' or 'acarya-tattva'. In this way the disciple always keeps the conception of Sri Gurudeva above that of the ordinary human being.
Frequently devotees do not make these discriminations but this is due to their not diving deep within the ocean of Krishna consciousness. Madhyama-adhikari means the plane of careful and accurate discrimination. Such discrimination is necessary in order to reach the stage of uttama-adhikari (first class devotee).
On Ekadasi we may offer prasadam with grains to a photo of Gurudeva on the altar while engaged in worshipping the Deity of Radha and Krishna, but in his room on that same day we only offer Gurudeva standard Ekadasi prasadam. While performing worship the disciple sees no difference between guru and Krishna but while rendering personal service to Sri Gurudeva the disciple makes a discrimination in order to please Gurudeva understanding that he considers himself a Vaishnava (servant of the Lord) and not the Lord directly. In the event that a guru declares himself to be Krishna it becomes clear that he has no actual knowledge of the science of Krishna consciousness. A bona fide guru never claims to be Krishna.
It is standard in Gaudiya-sampradaya that tulasi leaves are only offered to the lotus feet of Krishna (visnu-tattva) but the disciple understanding that the guru's heart is one with Krishna, places a tulasi leaf of the chest of Sri Gurudeva while performing worship.
The oneness of guru is to be meditated on as prescribed in the guru-mantra (aim gurave namah) and the guru-gayatri – "I respectfully dedicate my heart and soul to the holy service of Sri Sri Radha-Krishna through service to Sri Gurudeva, who is a nondifferent manifestation of Their mercy."
In the guru-gayatri the word krsnanandaya indicates the internal identity of the guru in Krishna-lila. Sometimes the word gaurapriyatva is also used in the guru-gayatri and this indicates the identity of the guru in Gaura-lila. Krishna-lila and Gaura-lila are also considered to be one or nondifferent.
The meaning of krsnanandaya is threefold: (1) Krsnananda means to meditate on that guru whose entire happiness in life is Krishna, or that guru whose heart is full of the beauty of ecstatic love for Krishna. (2) Krsnananda means to meditate on that guru who gives pleasure to his dearmost Lord Krishna through his pure devotional service. (3) In the word krsnananda, krsna is Sri Krishna and ananda is hladini Srimati Radharani, so krsnanandaya means meditation on Sri Gurudeva who is the representative of both Radha and Krsna combined. These three aspects of the term krsnanandaya may be applied to gurus.
The term gaurapriyatva is another significant definition of Sri Gurudeva. The word gaurapriya has two connotations: (1) One who is beloved to Gaura. (2) One in whose life Sri Gaura is the dearmost object of devotion.
According to the realization of pure devotees gaurapriya and krsnapriya are parallel – a guru of Krishna-lila and a guru of Gaura-lila are nondifferent.
The more we continue to examine the guru-tattva principle the more we can see that there is oneness and difference between Sri Gurudeva and Krishna (between Krishna and His potency) – that is achintya-beda-abeda-tattva or simultaneous oneness and difference as taught by Sri Caitanya Mahaprabhu.